关节炎和其他风湿性疾病是引起疼痛的常见疾病, 肿胀, 运动受限. They affect joints and connective tissues around the body. 数以百万计的美国人.S. 有关节炎吗.

关节炎 means redness and 肿胀 (inflammation) of a joint. A joint is where 2 or more bones meet. There are more than 100 different arthritis diseases. Rheumatic diseases include any condition that causes pain, 刚度, 关节肿胀, 肌肉, 肌腱, 韧带, 或骨骼. 关节炎 is usually ongoing (chronic).

关节炎和其他风湿性疾病在女性中比男性更常见. They are also often linked with old age. But they affect people of all ages.

The 2 most common forms of arthritis are:

• 骨关节炎. This is the most common type of arthritis. It is a chronic disease of the joints, especially the weight-bearing joints of the knee, 臀部, 和脊柱. 它会破坏骨头末端的涂层(软骨)，使关节间隙变窄. It can also cause bone overgrowth, bone spurs, and reduced function. It occurs in most people as they age. It may also occur in young people because of an injury or overuse.

• 类风湿性关节炎. This is an inflammatory disease of the joint linings. The inflammation may affect all of the joints. It can also affect organs such as the heart or lungs.

Other forms of arthritis or related disorders include:

• 痛风. 这种情况会导致尿酸结晶在小关节积聚，比如大脚趾. 它会引起疼痛和炎症.

• 红斑狼疮. This is a chronic autoimmune disorder. 它会引起关节、肌腱和器官的炎症和损伤.

• 硬皮病. 这种自身免疫性疾病导致皮肤和身体其他结缔组织增厚和硬化.

• 强直性脊柱炎. This disease causes the bones of the spine to grow together. It can also cause inflammation in other parts of the body. 它可以影响肩膀，臀部，肋骨，手和脚的小关节.

• Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). 这是儿童关节炎的一种形式，会引起炎症和关节僵硬. 孩子们长大后往往无法适应JRA. But it can affect bone development in a growing child.

关节炎的成因?

The cause depends on the type of arthritis. 骨关节炎是由关节的长期磨损或过度使用引起的. 类风湿性关节炎, 红斑狼疮, 硬皮病是由人体免疫系统攻击自身组织引起的. 痛风 is caused by the buildup of crystals in the joints. Some forms of arthritis can be linked to genes. 具有遗传标记HLA-B27的人患强直性脊柱炎的风险更高. For some other forms of arthritis, the cause is not known.

谁有患关节炎的风险?

关节炎的一些无法避免或改变的危险因素包括:

• 年龄. The older you are, the more likely you are to have arthritis.

• 性别. Women are more likely to have arthritis than men.

• 遗传. Some types of arthritis are linked to certain genes.

Risk factors that may be avoided or changed include:

• 重量. Being overweight or obese can damage your knee joints. This can make them more likely to develop osteoarthritis.

• 受伤. 因受伤而受损的关节在某些时候更有可能发展成关节炎.

• 感染. Reactive arthritis can affect joints after an infection.

• 你的工作. 反复弯腰或下蹲的工作会导致膝盖关节炎.

What are the symptoms of arthritis?

每个人的症状可能不同. The most common symptoms include:

• Pain in 1 or more joints that doesn’t go away, or comes back

• Warmth and redness in 1 or more joints

• 一个或多个关节肿胀

• 一个或多个关节僵硬

• Trouble moving 1 or more joints in a normal way

These symptoms can look like other health conditions. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

如何诊断关节炎?

你的医疗保健提供者会记下你的病史，给你做一个身体检查. 也可以进行测试. These include blood tests such as:

• Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. This checks antibody levels in the blood.

• 全血细胞计数. 检查你的白细胞、红细胞和血小板水平是否正常.

• 肌酸酐. This test checks for kidney disease.

• 沉降速度. 这个测试可以发现炎症.

• 血细胞比容. This test measures the number of red blood cells.

• RF(类风湿因子)和CCP(环瓜氨酸肽)抗体测试. These can help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. They can also assess how severe the disease is.

• 白细胞计数. This checks the level of white blood cells in your blood.

• 尿酸. 这有助于诊断痛风.

Other tests may be done, such as:

• Joint aspiration (arthrocentesis). A small sample of synovial fluid is taken from a joint. It's tested to see if crystals, bacteria, or viruses are present.

• x光或其他成像检查. These can tell how damaged a joint is.

• 尿检. This checks for protein and different kinds of blood cells.

• HLA组织分型. This looks for genetic markers of ankylosing spondylitis.

• 皮肤活组织检查. Tiny tissue samples are removed and checked under a microscope. 这个测试有助于诊断一种涉及皮肤的关节炎, such as 红斑狼疮 or psoriatic arthritis.

• 肌肉活检. Tiny tissue samples are removed and checked under a microscope. This test helps to diagnose conditions that affect 肌肉.

关节炎是如何治疗的?

治疗将取决于你的症状、年龄和整体健康状况. 这也取决于你患的是什么类型的关节炎，以及病情有多严重. 治疗计划是为每个人量身定制的，由他或她的医疗保健提供者提供.

关节炎无法治愈. 治疗的目标通常是限制疼痛和炎症，并帮助确保关节功能. Treatment plans often use both short-term and long-term methods.

短期治疗包括:

• 药物. 短期缓解疼痛和炎症的药物包括对乙酰氨基酚等止痛药, 阿斯匹林, 布洛芬, or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications.

• 热和冷. 在关节上使用湿热(温水浴或淋浴)或干热(加热垫)可以缓解疼痛. 关节处的疼痛和肿胀可以用冷敷(用毛巾包上冰袋)来缓解.

• 联合固定化. 使用夹板或支架可以帮助关节休息，保护它免受进一步的伤害.

• 按摩. 轻轻按摩疼痛的肌肉可以增加血液流动，给肌肉带来温暖.

• Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Pain may be reduced with the use of a TENS device. 该装置向疼痛区域的神经末梢发送轻微的电脉冲. This blocks pain signals to the brain and changes pain perception.

• 针灸. 这是一种将细针插入身体特定部位的方法. 它可以刺激神经系统释放自然的、缓解疼痛的化学物质. The procedure is done by a licensed health care provider.

长期治疗包括:

• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). 这些处方药可以减缓疾病的发展，治疗任何与疾病相关的免疫系统问题. Examples of these medications include methotrexate, 羟氯喹, 柳氮磺胺吡啶, 和苯丁酸氮芥.

• 糖皮质激素. 糖皮质激素 reduce inflammation and 肿胀. 这些药物，如强的松，可以口服或注射.

• 透明质酸疗法. 这是一种关节液体，在患有骨关节炎的人体内似乎会分解. 它可以注射到关节，如膝盖，以帮助缓解症状.

• 手术. 手术有很多种，取决于受影响的关节. 手术选择包括关节镜检查、融合或关节置换术. Full recovery after surgery takes up to 6 months. 手术后的康复计划是治疗的重要组成部分.

关节炎治疗可以包括一组医疗保健提供者，例如:

• 整形外科医师/整形外科医生

• 风湿病学家

• 物理治疗医师

• Primary care doctor (family medicine or internal medicine)

• 康复护士

• 营养师

• 物理治疗师

• 职业治疗师

• 社会工作者

• 心理学家或精神病学家

• 休闲的治疗师

• 职业治疗师

What are the complications of arthritis?

因为关节炎会导致关节随着时间的推移而恶化，它会导致残疾. It can cause pain and movement problems. You may be less able to carry out normal daily activities and tasks.

关节炎患者的生活

关节炎无法治愈. 但重要的是通过减少疼痛和炎症来帮助关节保持工作. 与您的医疗保健提供者一起制定治疗计划，包括药物和治疗. Work on lifestyle changes that can improve your quality of life. 生活方式的改变包括:

• 减肥. 额外的体重会给负重关节带来更大的压力，比如臀部和膝盖.

• 锻炼. Some exercises may help reduce joint pain and 刚度. 这些运动包括游泳、散步、低强度有氧运动和活动范围运动. Stretching exercises may also help keep the joints flexible.

• 活动和休息. To reduce stress on your joints, switch between activity and rest. This can help protect your joints and lessen your symptoms.

• 使用辅助设备. 手杖、拐杖和助行器可以帮助减轻某些关节的压力，提高平衡能力.

• 使用自适应设备. Reachers and grabbers let you extend your reach and reduce straining. Dressing aids help you get dressed more easily.

• 管理药物使用. 长期服用一些消炎药会导致胃出血. 与您的医疗保健提供者合作，制定降低这种风险的计划.

When should I call my healthcare provider?

如果你的症状加重或出现新的症状，打电话给你的医生.

关节炎要点

• 关节炎 and other rheumatic diseases cause pain, 肿胀, 运动受限 in joints and connective tissues in the body.

• 关节炎和其他风湿性疾病可以影响所有年龄段的人. They are more common in women than men.

• 症状可能包括一个或多个关节疼痛、僵硬、肿胀、发热或发红.

• 关节炎无法治愈. 治疗目标是限制疼痛和炎症，保持关节功能.

• 治疗方案包括药物、减肥、运动和手术.